履(lv)行流通(tong)領域(yu)商品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)抽(chou)(chou)查檢(jian)(jian)驗職(zhi)能是《產品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)法(fa)》《消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)者權(quan)益保(bao)護(hu)法(fa)》和國家工商總局“三定”方案賦予工商行政(zheng)管理部門的(de)(de)一項重要(yao)職(zhi)責，是工商部門有效(xiao)開展流通(tong)領域(yu)商品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監管，維(wei)護(hu)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)者合法(fa)權(quan)益的(de)(de)重要(yao)手段。商品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)抽(chou)(chou)檢(jian)(jian)技術要(yao)求(qiu)高、工作涉及面(mian)廣、程序要(yao)求(qiu)嚴，基層執法(fa)人員必(bi)須加(jia)強學習研究(jiu)，嚴格(ge)依法(fa)抽(chou)(chou)檢(jian)(jian)，切實提(ti)高抽(chou)(chou)檢(jian)(jian)工作效(xiao)力(li)和增強抽(chou)(chou)檢(jian)(jian)工作效(xiao)果(guo)。

　　現階(jie)段，在商品質量(liang)抽檢(jian)過程中，基層(ceng)執(zhi)法人(ren)員應注意3個方面的問題。

　　一、對承檢(jian)機構資質(zhi)能力(li)進(jin)行審驗

　　檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構是否(fou)符(fu)合相應的(de)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)資(zi)質條(tiao)件、是否(fou)具備相應的(de)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)能力，是判定(ding)其(qi)(qi)出具的(de)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)結果報告效(xiao)力是否(fou)合法有效(xiao)的(de)重(zhong)要判定(ding)標準。在實(shi)(shi)際工作中，執法人員(yuan)聯系落實(shi)(shi)承檢(jian)機(ji)(ji)構時，容易忽(hu)視(shi)索取并審驗(yan)(yan)(yan)其(qi)(qi)書面的(de)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)資(zi)質認(ren)定(ding)證書和法定(ding)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)范圍。

　　在(zai)(zai)選擇(ze)承(cheng)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)時(shi)，要(yao)(yao)注意(yi)3個環(huan)節。一(yi)是機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)遴選。針對抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工作(zuo)(zuo)安排，應(ying)(ying)結(jie)合(he)抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)品種和檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測標(biao)準依據等要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，收(shou)集(ji)相應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)信息，并結(jie)合(he)抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)實際遴選幾家符(fu)合(he)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)承(cheng)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)候選對象(xiang)。二是資(zi)(zi)質確認(ren)(ren)。候選承(cheng)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)對象(xiang)確認(ren)(ren)后，應(ying)(ying)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)候選對象(xiang)提(ti)供能證(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)其(qi)具備相應(ying)(ying)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測能力和條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)面材料，如檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本情況介紹、法(fa)(fa)人營業執照、合(he)法(fa)(fa)有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)資(zi)(zi)質認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)認(ren)(ren)可(ke)證(zheng)(zheng)書(shu)、法(fa)(fa)定(ding)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測商品范圍和指標(biao)范圍、檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)費用收(shou)費標(biao)準、承(cheng)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)服務標(biao)準等，對其(qi)提(ti)供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)面材料進(jin)行審驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，符(fu)合(he)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，予以(yi)資(zi)(zi)質認(ren)(ren)可(ke)。三是機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)確定(ding)。一(yi)般來講，只(zhi)要(yao)(yao)符(fu)合(he)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測資(zi)(zi)質條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)出具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)結(jie)果報告(gao)均具有相應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)效力，且檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)之間不存在(zai)(zai)上下級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隸屬關(guan)系，法(fa)(fa)律(lv)地位平等。因(yin)此，在(zai)(zai)選擇(ze)確認(ren)(ren)具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)時(shi)，可(ke)以(yi)優(you)先(xian)考(kao)慮溝(gou)通比較(jiao)(jiao)方便、合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)比較(jiao)(jiao)順暢、服務比較(jiao)(jiao)到(dao)位、條件相對較(jiao)(jiao)好、費用相對合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)。承(cheng)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)確定(ding)后必須正式訂立抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工作(zuo)(zuo)委托(tuo)協議書(shu)，明(ming)確相應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權利(li)義務。

　　二、有針對性(xing)地制定(ding)抽(chou)檢計(ji)劃方案

　　根據《流通領域商(shang)(shang)品(pin)質量抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)查檢(jian)(jian)驗辦法》(以下簡稱《抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)檢(jian)(jian)辦法》)的(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，工(gong)商(shang)(shang)部(bu)門(men)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)檢(jian)(jian)要制定(ding)(ding)抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)檢(jian)(jian)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)計劃(hua)、制定(ding)(ding)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)方(fang)案。但在實(shi)(shi)際(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中，基層工(gong)商(shang)(shang)機關往往重(zhong)視(shi)年(nian)度抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)檢(jian)(jian)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)計劃(hua)的(de)制定(ding)(ding)，不(bu)注重(zhong)制定(ding)(ding)臨時(shi)抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)檢(jian)(jian)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)計劃(hua)和(he)抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)檢(jian)(jian)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)方(fang)案，抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)檢(jian)(jian)重(zhong)點不(bu)準確，重(zhong)點品(pin)種(zhong)不(bu)突出(chu)，缺乏針對性和(he)實(shi)(shi)效性。

　　抽(chou)檢工(gong)作(zuo)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)制(zhi)定得(de)(de)是否(fou)科學(xue)合(he)理(li)，方(fang)(fang)案(an)制(zhi)定得(de)(de)是否(fou)完(wan)整清晰，直接影響(xiang)抽(chou)檢實效(xiao)。筆者認為，有(you)必要進(jin)一步(bu)改(gai)進(jin)抽(chou)檢計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)方(fang)(fang)案(an)的(de)制(zhi)定方(fang)(fang)式和(he)模式。一是明(ming)確制(zhi)定工(gong)作(zuo)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)、實施方(fang)(fang)案(an)，將抽(chou)檢商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)劃(hua)(hua)定為消費者、有(you)關(guan)(guan)組織、大(da)眾傳播媒介反映的(de)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)執(zhi)法中發現有(you)質(zhi)量問題(ti)的(de)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，涉及(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)體(ti)健康、人(ren)身財產安全和(he)影響(xiang)國計(ji)民(min)生的(de)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)上級部門要求抽(chou)檢的(de)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)。二是加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)量狀(zhuang)(zhuang)況的(de)調(diao)(diao)查分(fen)析(xi)，通(tong)過深(shen)入(ru)市場了(le)解轄(xia)區(qu)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)經(jing)營(ying)情況、分(fen)析(xi)比較(jiao)以(yi)往抽(chou)檢結果狀(zhuang)(zhuang)況、分(fen)析(xi)比較(jiao)舉報投訴的(de)熱點(dian)(dian)焦點(dian)(dian)、輿(yu)論曝(pu)光的(de)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)量問題(ti)、本轄(xia)區(qu)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)經(jing)營(ying)的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業特色特點(dian)(dian)、重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)經(jing)營(ying)者的(de)倉(cang)儲(chu)場所(suo)、影響(xiang)國計(ji)民(min)生的(de)重(zhong)要商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)消費者和(he)有(you)關(guan)(guan)組織反映有(you)質(zhi)量問題(ti)的(de)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)等進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)調(diao)(diao)查研究，加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)市場研判和(he)定期綜合(he)分(fen)析(xi)，梳理(li)出年度和(he)臨時(shi)抽(chou)檢工(gong)作(zuo)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)、重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)區(qu)域(yu)或地點(dian)(dian)、重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業，增強(qiang)抽(chou)檢針(zhen)對性(xing)。三是加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)與承檢機構(gou)的(de)聯系，定期溝(gou)通(tong)市場監(jian)管(guan)和(he)相關(guan)(guan)調(diao)(diao)研信息，提高抽(chou)檢計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)科學(xue)性(xing)和(he)針(zhen)對性(xing)。

　　三、嚴(yan)格執行抽(chou)檢(jian)程序中(zhong)的規范性(xing)要求

　　在(zai)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)抽檢(jian)(jian)過程中，一些執法人員(yuan)忽視(shi)抽檢(jian)(jian)程序方面的(de)(de)規范(fan)性(xing)要(yao)求，如不(bu)制作抽檢(jian)(jian)通知書、樣品(pin)(pin)(pin)封(feng)樣不(bu)符合要(yao)求等(deng);忽視(shi)抽檢(jian)(jian)后續處理(li)的(de)(de)剛性(xing)要(yao)求，如對不(bu)合格商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)或(huo)缺(que)陷商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)報告送(song)達不(bu)及時，沒有在(zai)轄(xia)區同步部署統(tong)一規格型號缺(que)陷商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)清查(cha)，沒有按照追根(gen)溯源的(de)(de)要(yao)求及時進行通報等(deng)。

　　針(zhen)對(dui)這些問題，筆者認為應(ying)當從(cong)4個方面進行(xing)規范。

　　1.規范抽檢行為(wei)

　　在抽(chou)檢(jian)過程中，執法(fa)人員必須(xu)增強責任意識，認真仔細做(zuo)好抽(chou)檢(jian)現場的檢(jian)查(cha)、清點、記(ji)錄(lu)、有關(guan)單據復制(zhi)提取等(deng)必要(yao)的前期工作(zuo)(zuo)，為(wei)后續(xu)順利有效處理(li)(li)提供保障(zhang)。處理(li)(li)不(bu)合格(ge)商(shang)品和(he)缺陷商(shang)品，必須(xu)按照(zhao)《抽(chou)檢(jian)辦(ban)法(fa)》和(he)相(xiang)關(guan)法(fa)律、法(fa)規迅(xun)速采取有效的控(kong)制(zhi)措施(shi)。違法(fa)信息或線索(suo)要(yao)按照(zhao)規定(ding)及時制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)相(xiang)關(guan)文書(shu)通報相(xiang)關(guan)執法(fa)部門，降低履職風險，擴大(da)抽(chou)檢(jian)效用。要(yao)強化抽(chou)檢(jian)實施(shi)科室與辦(ban)案機構的溝通銜接，建立無縫銜接監管機制(zhi)，確保監管鏈條(tiao)不(bu)斷裂，監管效果不(bu)打折。

　　2.統一處(chu)罰標準

　　對(dui)抽檢案件，實施抽檢的(de)工商機關應當根(gen)據每次抽檢商品的(de)實際情況，制定統一的(de)處罰標準，以指導辦案機構(gou)依法作出(chu)行政處罰，解決不同辦案機構(gou)處罰標準不一的(de)問(wen)題(ti)。

　　3.重視證據效力

 　　針對抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)結果(guo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)續(xu)處理中容易(yi)出現的(de)抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)基數(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)一(yi)致等問題，要在積極(ji)收集有效證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據的(de)基礎上(shang)形成完整的(de)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據鏈條，然后(hou)(hou)(hou)針對不(bu)(bu)同情況(kuang)分(fen)(fen)別進(jin)行認(ren)定(ding)。因執(zhi)法(fa)人(ren)員工作失(shi)誤，導(dao)致抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)前(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)基數(shu)(shu)認(ren)定(ding)不(bu)(bu)一(yi)致的(de)，執(zhi)法(fa)人(ren)員采取事后(hou)(hou)(hou)補救措施后(hou)(hou)(hou)仍然難以確認(ren)的(de)，一(yi)般應以經營(ying)者(zhe)提供的(de)數(shu)(shu)量為(wei)依據。抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)經營(ying)者(zhe)以已經退貨(huo)(huo)為(wei)理由拒不(bu)(bu)配合調(diao)查或(huo)規避處罰(fa)的(de)，應當進(jin)行細致核查。如(ru)果(guo)確有充分(fen)(fen)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明經營(ying)者(zhe)已退貨(huo)(huo)，可以主(zhu)動(dong)消除(chu)危(wei)害后(hou)(hou)(hou)果(guo)或(huo)主(zhu)動(dong)改(gai)正(zheng)違法(fa)行為(wei)為(wei)理由，在處罰(fa)幅度上(shang)予以從輕(qing)或(huo)減(jian)輕(qing)處罰(fa)，但不(bu)(bu)免除(chu)其經營(ying)不(bu)(bu)合格商品的(de)行政(zheng)責任。如(ru)果(guo)沒有證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明經營(ying)者(zhe)已退貨(huo)(huo)或(huo)者(zhe)經營(ying)者(zhe)偽造退貨(huo)(huo)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明，應當依法(fa)從重處罰(fa)。

　　經(jing)營者以自(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)名義(yi)否認銷售而拒不配合(he)(he)調查或規避處(chu)罰的，要(yao)快速查證(zheng)其是(shi)否確已自(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，如(ru)確有充分(fen)證(zheng)據(ju)(ju)證(zheng)明(ming)自(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，自(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)部分(fen)數(shu)量不宜進(jin)行認定處(chu)罰。采集證(zheng)據(ju)(ju)時可(ke)以從日常生(sheng)活常識(shi)角(jiao)度辨(bian)別是(shi)否有自(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)必要(yao)、從數(shu)量上(shang)看是(shi)否有大批(pi)量自(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)需要(yao)、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)現場查勘(kan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)在何處(chu)、自(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)部分(fen)是(shi)否確屬同一商標同一規格型號商品、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)時間上(shang)是(shi)否存在合(he)(he)理(li)性(xing)(xing)和可(ke)能性(xing)(xing)，綜(zong)合(he)(he)多方(fang)面因素進(jin)行評判(pan)分(fen)析(xi)。如(ru)果查清經(jing)營者沒有自(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)情形或者經(jing)營者偽(wei)造自(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)證(zheng)明(ming)，要(yao)依法從重(zhong)處(chu)罰。

　　4.加強跟蹤抽檢

　　如果(guo)出現(xian)同一(yi)商標(biao)商品存在的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量問題(ti)比(bi)較嚴重，經營者(zhe)整改不及時，商品質(zhi)(zhi)量問題(ti)嚴重影響(xiang)人身財產安全，消費者(zhe)或(huo)有關組織反映問題(ti)比(bi)較集中等(deng)情形，應當開展有針對性的(de)跟蹤抽檢，確保監管到位(wei)。

　　□湖(hu)北(bei)省荊州(zhou)市工商局