近日，環境保護部印發了《“十三五”環境監(jian)測質(zhi)量管理工作方(fang)案(an)》，為“十三五”時期環境監測質量管理工作提供了基本遵循。作為“十三五”工作方案的附件，同時印發了《關(guan)于(yu)加強環境空氣(qi)自動監測質量管理(li)的工作方案》，明確(que)了“十三五(wu)”期間環境(jing)空(kong)氣自(zi)動監測質(zhi)量管理總體思路和(he)重點(dian)任務，是規范(fan)全國各(ge)級環境(jing)空(kong)氣自(zi)動監測和(he)運維(wei)機構(gou)監測行(xing)為/保證監測數據質(zhi)量的專項指導性文件，引起了廣(guang)泛(fan)關(guan)注(zhu)和(he)討論。

　　為(wei)使各(ge)界(jie)深入了解其出(chu)臺的背景、主(zhu)要內容和具體實施要求等，記者采訪了環境保護部環境監測(ce)司(si)有(you)關(guan)負責人，對此進(jin)行詳細解讀。

　　問(wen)：當前(qian)，在深化環(huan)境監(jian)測體制機制改革，實行省以(yi)下(xia)環(huan)保(bao)部(bu)門監(jian)測垂直(zhi)管(guan)理(li)，明(ming)晰國家和地方(fang)監(jian)測事權(quan)的(de)(de)大(da)背景(jing)下(xia)，環(huan)保(bao)部(bu)出臺《“十三五”環(huan)境監(jian)測質量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)方(fang)案(an)》(以(yi)下(xia)簡稱(cheng)(cheng)“十三五”工(gong)作(zuo)方(fang)案(an))和《關于加強環(huan)境空(kong)氣自(zi)動監(jian)測質量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)方(fang)案(an)》(以(yi)下(xia)簡稱(cheng)(cheng)《空(kong)氣自(zi)動監(jian)測工(gong)作(zuo)方(fang)案(an)》)，主要考慮是什么?請您介紹(shao)一下(xia)兩套方(fang)案(an)出臺的(de)(de)背景(jing)。

　　答：環境(jing)(jing)(jing)監測是環境(jing)(jing)(jing)管(guan)理(li)(li)和(he)(he)科(ke)學(xue)決(jue)策的(de)(de)重要基礎，是評價考核各級(ji)政府(fu)改(gai)善環境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量、治理(li)(li)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)污染(ran)成效的(de)(de)重要依(yi)據。“十三五”期(qi)(qi)間，是我國(guo)以改(gai)善環境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量為重點，打好大氣(qi)、水、土壤污染(ran)防治三大攻堅戰役的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)期(qi)(qi)。人民群眾的(de)(de)期(qi)(qi)盼，環境(jing)(jing)(jing)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)客觀需求，要求環保系統(tong)要加快構建科(ke)學(xue)先進的(de)(de)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)監測體(ti)系，充(chong)分發揮環境(jing)(jing)(jing)監測對(dui)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)管(guan)理(li)(li)和(he)(he)科(ke)學(xue)決(jue)策的(de)(de)支撐(cheng)作用，提供的(de)(de)監測數(shu)據產品更加豐(feng)富、科(ke)學(xue)、準確、及時。同(tong)時，政府(fu)治理(li)(li)體(ti)系和(he)(he)治理(li)(li)能力的(de)(de)現代化也要求環境(jing)(jing)(jing)監測要不斷地創(chuang)新管(guan)理(li)(li)思路、管(guan)理(li)(li)方法和(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)(li)手段(duan)，提高政府(fu)履職能力和(he)(he)服務水平。

　　環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理(li)是(shi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的生(sheng)命線。習(xi)近平總書記對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)態文(wen)明(ming)建(jian)設(she)和(he)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)提出一系(xi)列新思想(xiang)、新論斷、新要(yao)求，在今(jin)年(nian)8月視察青(qing)海時明(ming)確指出，要(yao)把建(jian)好(hao)用(yong)好(hao)生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)網(wang)絡這項基礎工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)做好(hao)。李克強總理(li)、張高(gao)麗副總理(li)等(deng)國務(wu)院領導同志多次就(jiu)建(jian)設(she)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)空氣(qi)和(he)水環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)網(wang)絡、保(bao)證監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)真(zhen)(zhen)實可靠(kao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)出重要(yao)批示。環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)部(bu)(bu)陳吉寧部(bu)(bu)長、翟青(qing)副部(bu)(bu)長、趙英(ying)民副部(bu)(bu)長等(deng)高(gao)度重視環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)質(zhi)(zhi)量工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，多次強調(diao)“要(yao)像對(dui)(dui)待生(sheng)命一樣對(dui)(dui)待監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)質(zhi)(zhi)量，確保(bao)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)真(zhen)(zhen)實準確”、“保(bao)證監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)真(zhen)(zhen)實可靠(kao)是(shi)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的底線，絕對(dui)(dui)不(bu)能碰(peng)”，對(dui)(dui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)提出了明(ming)確要(yao)求。

　　自2012年(nian)新《環境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)質量(liang)標(biao)準》(GB3095-2012)頒(ban)布實(shi)施以來，全國(guo)338個(ge)地級及以上城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)已建成1436個(ge)國(guo)家城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)環境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自動(dong)(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測站，實(shi)現了(le)環境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測數(shu)據一點多發(fa)(城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)、省(sheng)、國(guo)家)、實(shi)時(shi)傳輸，實(shi)時(shi)向社會公開發(fa)布。監(jian)(jian)(jian)測項(xiang)目包括SO2、NO2、CO、O3、PM10、PM2.5等6項(xiang)指標(biao)。此外，大部分(fen)省(sheng)(區、市(shi)(shi))也(ye)建有地方環境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自動(dong)(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測站，形(xing)成了(le)國(guo)家和地方兩級的(de)環境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)質量(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測網絡，為(wei)考核地方環境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)質量(liang)、大氣(qi)(qi)污(wu)染治理成效提(ti)供了(le)重(zhong)要依據。

　　隨著(zhu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家環(huan)(huan)(huan)境監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)改革(ge)的(de)深化、國(guo)(guo)(guo)家環(huan)(huan)(huan)境監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)事權的(de)上(shang)收，環(huan)(huan)(huan)境空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質量(liang)管(guan)理(li)也面臨著(zhu)許多新情況新問(wen)題。一(yi)是(shi)按(an)照國(guo)(guo)(guo)家要求，到2016年(nian)(nian)11月底，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家環(huan)(huan)(huan)境空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)質量(liang)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)事權由過(guo)去地方環(huan)(huan)(huan)境監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)機(ji)構負(fu)責，全部上(shang)收至國(guo)(guo)(guo)家，1436個國(guo)(guo)(guo)控(kong)站(zhan)點(dian)全部由中國(guo)(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)總站(zhan)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)管(guan)理(li)，并委托社會監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)機(ji)構運行維(wei)護，環(huan)(huan)(huan)境空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)管(guan)理(li)的(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)發生了重大(da)(da)改變，相應的(de)質量(liang)管(guan)理(li)方式也需要隨之變化。二是(shi)與手(shou)工(gong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)相比，環(huan)(huan)(huan)境空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)起步較(jiao)晚，發展較(jiao)快，目前的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)標準(zhun)和(he)技(ji)術規范體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)、監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質量(liang)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)尚不(bu)完全滿(man)足環(huan)(huan)(huan)境空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)的(de)需求，亟須進(jin)一(yi)步完善和(he)健全。三是(shi)2017年(nian)(nian)是(shi)大(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染防治行動計劃考(kao)(kao)核年(nian)(nian)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數據(ju)客觀、真實、準(zhun)確直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)關系(xi)到對各地落(luo)實 “大(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)十條”、改善環(huan)(huan)(huan)境質量(liang)和(he)大(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染防治成效(xiao)的(de)考(kao)(kao)核與評價。

　　環境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)部領導高度重(zhong)視環境(jing)空(kong)氣自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理(li)(li)問題，多次作出(chu)(chu)批示要求超前謀(mou)劃，制定工作方案，落實具體任(ren)(ren)務，有效解(jie)決環境(jing)空(kong)氣自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)工作面(mian)臨的新情況和(he)突(tu)出(chu)(chu)問題。為此(ci)，我部編制出(chu)(chu)臺了《空(kong)氣自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)工作方案》，明確了今后(hou)一個時期國家環境(jing)空(kong)氣自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理(li)(li)重(zhong)點方向和(he)主要任(ren)(ren)務，以指導全國環境(jing)空(kong)氣自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理(li)(li)工作健(jian)康發展(zhan)，提高工作水平。

　　問：近(jin)年來，我國環境監測(ce)質量管理取得了哪些發展和(he)進步?還(huan)存在什么(me)問題(ti)?這對編制《“十三五”工作方案》等文件(jian)有(you)什么(me)指導意義(yi)?

　　答：近年來(lai)，我國(guo)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理取得了(le)長(chang)足進步，一(yi)是(shi)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)制度(du)逐步完善。先后頒布了(le)《環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)管(guan)理辦法(fa)(fa)》和(he)《環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理規(gui)(gui)定》等，為(wei)加(jia)(jia)強監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理提供(gong)了(le)制度(du)保(bao)(bao)障。二是(shi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)漸成體系。環(huan)保(bao)(bao)部頒布了(le)983項(xiang)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)標準，為(wei)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)行(xing)為(wei)，保(bao)(bao)障數據質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)提供(gong)了(le)有效支撐。三是(shi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督檢查保(bao)(bao)持(chi)常(chang)態。持(chi)續開展環(huan)境(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣和(he)地表水(shui)自(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)專項(xiang)檢查和(he)飛行(xing)檢查，進一(yi)步增強了(le)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)意識(shi)，規(gui)(gui)范(fan)了(le)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)行(xing)為(wei)。四是(shi)信(xin)息公(gong)開力度(du)加(jia)(jia)大。依法(fa)(fa)公(gong)開并統一(yi)發布國(guo)家環(huan)境(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣和(he)主要水(shui)系重點斷面自(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數據，保(bao)(bao)障了(le)公(gong)眾的知(zhi)情權和(he)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督權。

　　隨著(zhu)大(da)氣、水(shui)和土(tu)壤污染防治行動(dong)計劃的(de)(de)深入實施，以環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質量改善(shan)為核(he)(he)心的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)管(guan)理(li)轉型(xing)對環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質量提出了新的(de)(de)更高要求。同時，環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質量管(guan)理(li)自身(shen)也(ye)面臨著(zhu)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)亟(ji)待(dai)(dai)解決的(de)(de)問題(ti)。一(yi)(yi)是(shi)體制(zhi)機制(zhi)不順。存在“考(kao)核(he)(he)誰、誰監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)”現象，地(di)方環(huan)(huan)保部門“既當運動(dong)員又當裁判員”，在各種考(kao)核(he)(he)壓力下，行政干(gan)預數(shu)據(ju)質量的(de)(de)沖動(dong)較大(da)。二(er)是(shi)管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)急需更新。在事(shi)權(quan)上收、省以下垂直(zhi)管(guan)理(li)和監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)服(fu)務社會化等(deng)(deng)新形勢下，監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機構的(de)(de)定位和職責、管(guan)理(li)模式等(deng)(deng)都發生了較大(da)改變，現有質量管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)已不能滿足管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)需要。三是(shi)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)規范和技術體系(xi)尚(shang)需完(wan)善(shan)。環(huan)(huan)境(jing)空氣、地(di)表(biao)水(shui)和土(tu)壤監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)方法標準不全，全國統一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質量監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質控體系(xi)尚(shang)未健全等(deng)(deng);實驗(yan)室前端(duan)的(de)(de)采樣、樣品制(zhi)備和保存等(deng)(deng)仍是(shi)薄弱環(huan)(huan)節(jie)。四是(shi)制(zhi)度(du)(du)規范執(zhi)行不到(dao)位。自動(dong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)設施運行維護不到(dao)位，數(shu)據(ju)審核(he)(he)不落實、技術水(shui)平有待(dai)(dai)提高。

　　解決這些問(wen)題，需要(yao)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)保護部從國家(jia)層面加(jia)強(qiang)頂層設計，統籌謀劃，指導和引領“十三(san)五(wu)(wu)”全(quan)(quan)國環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測質(zhi)量管理(li)科學創新、健康發展。因(yin)此，環(huan)(huan)(huan)保部出臺《“十三(san)五(wu)(wu)”環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測質(zhi)量管理(li)工作方(fang)案(an)》，明確今后一段時間全(quan)(quan)國環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測質(zhi)量管理(li)的(de)(de)重點內容和主(zhu)要(yao)任務，加(jia)強(qiang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測質(zhi)量管理(li)工作，是適應“十三(san)五(wu)(wu)”深(shen)化(hua)生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測體制機制改革的(de)(de)客觀需要(yao)，是打好大氣、水、土壤(rang)三(san)大戰役的(de)(de)重要(yao)保障，也是解決當前環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測質(zhi)量管理(li)存在的(de)(de)突出問(wen)題的(de)(de)針對性措施。

　　問：《“十三五”工(gong)作方(fang)案》和《空氣自動監(jian)測工(gong)作方(fang)案》編制的過程(cheng)是(shi)怎樣的?如何體(ti)現其科(ke)學性和指導性?

　　答：《“十(shi)三五”工作(zuo)方案》是2016年歷時半年多(duo)集中(zhong)編撰的直(zhi)接(jie)成果(guo)。2016年3月初，我部啟動編制工作(zuo)，通過調研、組織專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)組座(zuo)談起(qi)草、召開系統(tong)內外專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)咨詢會和論證會等(deng)多(duo)種方式，廣泛聽取環保系統(tong)內外監測(ce)管理、技(ji)術人員和院士專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)的意見，數(shu)易(yi)其稿，反復(fu)修改相關內容。7月30日，報請部長(chang)專(zhuan)(zhuan)題會審議，不斷完善后印發。

　　《“十三五(wu)”工作方(fang)(fang)(fang)案》是全國環(huan)保(bao)系(xi)統(tong)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)的(de)結晶。“十二五(wu)”以來(lai)(lai)，我(wo)部組織開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)了(le)(le)“環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)三年(nian)行動(dong)計劃(hua)”，連續五(wu)年(nian)在(zai)全國開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)空氣自動(dong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)專項(xiang)檢(jian)查和飛行檢(jian)查工作，開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)了(le)(le)地表水(shui)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)和污染源(yuan)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)專項(xiang)檢(jian)查活動(dong)，多次赴在(zai)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工作中(zhong)敢于創新、成效明顯的(de)省市開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)實(shi)(shi)地調研取經，出臺了(le)(le)一系(xi)列管(guan)(guan)理(li)制度(du)和技術規(gui)范(fan)。這些質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)活動(dong)，為(wei)摸清問(wen)題，開(kai)(kai)啟思(si)路，編撰《“十三五(wu)”工作方(fang)(fang)(fang)案》奠定(ding)了(le)(le)扎實(shi)(shi)的(de)工作基(ji)礎。可以說，該方(fang)(fang)(fang)案凝聚了(le)(le)全國環(huan)保(bao)系(xi)統(tong)近年(nian)來(lai)(lai)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)成果，吸納了(le)(le)地方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)好(hao)經驗好(hao)做法。

　　今年5月(yue)底，部(bu)領導(dao)做(zuo)出加強環(huan)境(jing)空氣(qi)自動(dong)(dong)監測質(zhi)量控制(zhi)的(de)(de)批(pi)示，6月(yue)，我部(bu)組(zu)織(zhi)召(zhao)開座談會，邀請全國(guo)(guo)環(huan)境(jing)監測系(xi)統(tong)內(nei)(nei)、外專家，系(xi)統(tong)梳理現階(jie)段環(huan)境(jing)空氣(qi)自動(dong)(dong)監測質(zhi)控中(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)問題和原因，提出解(jie)決的(de)(de)措施(shi)和辦法，搭(da)建(jian)方(fang)案提綱(gang);組(zu)織(zhi)專家集(ji)中(zhong)撰寫(xie)《空氣(qi)自動(dong)(dong)監測工作方(fang)案》并(bing)組(zu)織(zhi)部(bu)內(nei)(nei)相(xiang)關司局召(zhao)開討論(lun)(lun)會，補充完善相(xiang)關內(nei)(nei)容。根據部(bu)領導(dao)對監測事權上(shang)收后國(guo)(guo)家空氣(qi)監測網質(zhi)控措施(shi)要進(jin)行深入研究(jiu)的(de)(de)指示要求，編制(zhi)組(zu)對方(fang)案進(jin)一步(bu)修(xiu)改(gai)，明確提出系(xi)統(tong)性的(de)(de)解(jie)決措施(shi)，并(bing)做(zuo)好(hao)與《“十(shi)三五”工作方(fang)案》的(de)(de)有機銜接(jie)。7月(yue)，我部(bu)組(zu)織(zhi)了2次(ci)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)研討論(lun)(lun)證會，再次(ci)修(xiu)改(gai)完善后，形成(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)案報(bao)批(pi)稿報(bao)部(bu)長專題會審(shen)議。8月(yue)，根據部(bu)長專題會精神修(xiu)改(gai)完善，在(zai)(zai)進(jin)一步(bu)征求部(bu)內(nei)(nei)各司局意見后，報(bao)部(bu)領導(dao)審(shen)簽后印發(fa)。應該說，《空氣(qi)自動(dong)(dong)監測工作方(fang)案》是在(zai)(zai)廣泛聽取意見，集(ji)中(zhong)系(xi)統(tong)內(nei)(nei)外專家的(de)(de)智慧(hui)，集(ji)思廣益形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)果。

　　問：請問《“十三五”工作(zuo)方案(an)》和《空氣自動監測工作(zuo)方案(an)》的(de)總(zong)體思路是怎樣的(de)?有什么突破創新?

　　答：《“十三五(wu)”工(gong)(gong)作方(fang)案》緊密圍(wei)繞當前環(huan)境保(bao)護重點工(gong)(gong)作，針對存在的(de)(de)(de)問題，提出(chu)“十三五(wu)”環(huan)境監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)質量(liang)管理工(gong)(gong)作應遵循的(de)(de)(de)三條(tiao)原則：一(yi)是以理順(shun)體制機制為核心，保(bao)障監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)獨立性(xing)(xing)和(he)公正性(xing)(xing);二是以加強技術業(ye)務為重點，保(bao)障監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)性(xing)(xing)和(he)可比(bi)性(xing)(xing);三是堅持內部質量(liang)控制和(he)外部質量(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督并重，保(bao)障監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)準確性(xing)(xing)和(he)權威性(xing)(xing)。

　　《“十三五”工(gong)作方案(an)》是指(zhi)導今后一(yi)段時期(qi)環境監測(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理和(he)(he)質(zhi)(zhi)量控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)作的綱領性(xing)(xing)、指(zhi)導性(xing)(xing)文件(jian)。通過該方案(an)的實施，“十三五”期(qi)間力求取得兩方面突(tu)破：一(yi)是管(guan)(guan)理方面，通過完善法律規章、轉變(bian)體(ti)制(zhi)機制(zhi)、加大質(zhi)(zhi)量檢查和(he)(he)懲處力度、加強信息公開(kai)等(deng)(deng)措施，保障(zhang)監測(ce)數據的公正性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)權威(wei)性(xing)(xing)，使評(ping)價和(he)(he)考核(he)用國控(kong)環境空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)、地(di)表水、土壤以(yi)及縣域生(sheng)態考核(he)的環境質(zhi)(zhi)量監測(ce)數據準確可靠，滿足環境管(guan)(guan)理需要;二是技(ji)術方面，構建全國統一(yi)的生(sheng)態環境監測(ce)規范體(ti)系(xi)(覆蓋環境空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)、地(di)表水、土壤等(deng)(deng)環境要素)、質(zhi)(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理和(he)(he)質(zhi)(zhi)量控(kong)制(zhi)體(ti)系(xi)，以(yi)保障(zhang)質(zhi)(zhi)量監測(ce)數據的科學性(xing)(xing)、可比性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)準確性(xing)(xing)。

　　國家(jia)(jia)環境空(kong)氣(qi)質量監測(ce)(ce)網和(he)國家(jia)(jia)地表水環境監測(ce)(ce)網已基本建成，土(tu)壤(rang)環境監測(ce)(ce)網尚在(zai)建設過(guo)程(cheng)中，結合現(xian)階段我國環境空(kong)氣(qi)、地表水和(he)土(tu)壤(rang)監測(ce)(ce)網絡的建設和(he)運行情況(kuang)，為實現(xian)兩(liang)大(da)突破(po)，《“十三五”工(gong)作方案》針對不同(tong)要素監測(ce)(ce)質量管理提(ti)出了(le)具(ju)體(ti)的年(nian)度工(gong)作目標：

　　一是環境(jing)空氣(qi)：2016年底完(wan)成338個(ge)地級以上城市(shi)1436個(ge)國家環境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)自動監測(ce)事權上收，建立氣(qi)態污染物(wu)標準溯(su)源體(ti)系和(he)顆(ke)粒物(wu)比對監測(ce)體(ti)系，完(wan)善環境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)質量監測(ce)網運行管理制(zhi)度(du)，建立數(shu)據質控體(ti)系及儀器參數(shu)變化預警體(ti)系。

　　二是地表(biao)水：2016年底(di)，出臺(tai)國家地表(biao)水(shui)環境質量(liang)監測網監測規范(fan)性技術文(wen)件，制(zhi)訂(ding)地表(biao)水(shui)手(shou)工和自動(dong)監測質量(liang)監督檢查方案。2017年起，逐步完(wan)善(shan)地表(biao)水(shui)和近岸海域環境質量(liang)監測質控技術體系，組織開展質量(liang)監督檢查活動(dong)。

　　三是(shi)土壤環境：2016年(nian)確(que)定土壤網點位布設(she)方案，啟動網絡(luo)建設(she)。2017年(nian)形成基本監測能力，建立土壤樣品采集、制備、分析、數據審核全過(guo)程質量管理體(ti)系，其后不斷(duan)完善(shan)。

　　至“十三五”末(mo)，全面建(jian)成環境(jing)空氣、地表水(shui)和土(tu)壤(rang)等環境(jing)監(jian)測質量控制(zhi)體系，進一步推進信息公(gong)開和公(gong)眾監(jian)督，保障大氣、水(shui)、土(tu)壤(rang)污染防治(zhi)行(xing)動計劃考核用數據質量。

　　空(kong)(kong)氣自動監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工作方案緊密圍繞“十三(san)五(wu)”環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)管理(li)(li)的新要(yao)求，力爭在以下(xia)(xia)幾(ji)方面有所突破。一是(shi)著力推(tui)進(jin)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)機制(zhi)改革。深化內部質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量控制(zhi)，加強(qiang)外部質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)督(du)，構(gou)建(jian)國(guo)家環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量控制(zhi)和(he)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量管理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。二是(shi)全面加強(qiang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣自動監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控能力，以技(ji)術手段促進(jin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控水(shui)平提(ti)升。完善環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)遠程在線質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控系(xi)(xi)(xi)統，實現重要(yao)參(can)數(shu)的實時直傳和(he)運維管理(li)(li)的全程監(jian)(jian)控。三(san)是(shi)建(jian)立全國(guo)統一的環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣自動監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)技(ji)術方法標準(zhun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)和(he)三(san)級質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。國(guo)家環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)網(以下(xia)(xia)簡稱國(guo)家網)和(he)地方環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)網(以下(xia)(xia)簡稱地方網)均應遵循統一的技(ji)術體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)，保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)的科學性(xing)(xing)和(he)可(ke)比性(xing)(xing)。四(si)是(shi)成立國(guo)家環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量評估(gu)委員會，組建(jian)國(guo)家環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)督(du)檢查專家庫，重點打擊環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)弄虛作假(jia)行為(wei)，保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)的公正性(xing)(xing)和(he)權威性(xing)(xing)。通過(guo)以上工作的推(tui)進(jin)，為(wei)大(da)氣污染(ran)防治(zhi)行動計劃的順利實施(shi)提(ti)供保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)。

　　問(wen)：請問(wen)《“十(shi)三五”工作方(fang)案》的主要(yao)內容(rong)是什么?包括(kuo)了(le)哪些方(fang)面?提出了(le)什么任務和措(cuo)施?

　　答(da)：為解決當前(qian)存(cun)在的(de)問題，達(da)到上述目標，依據(ju)三項原則(ze)，《“十三五”工作方案》提出了五大任務，十五條具體措(cuo)施。

　　任務一(yi)，深化體制機制改革(ge)。2015年，國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)辦公廳印(yin)(yin)發《生(sheng)態(tai)文明體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革總體方(fang)案》，我(wo)部(bu)(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定了(le)(le)《國(guo)(guo)家(jia)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境質量監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)事(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)上收(shou)(shou)實施方(fang)案》，積極推進國(guo)(guo)家(jia)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)事(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)上收(shou)(shou)。2016年9月，啟動(dong)全國(guo)(guo)338個地級以上城市1436個國(guo)(guo)家(jia)環(huan)境空氣自(zi)動(dong)站(zhan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)事(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)上收(shou)(shou)工作(zuo)(zuo)，截至(zhi)11月6日，交(jiao)接(jie)工作(zuo)(zuo)已(yi)基本完成;我(wo)部(bu)(bu)也已(yi)啟動(dong)全國(guo)(guo)地表水2767個國(guo)(guo)控斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(其中1940個為考核(he)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian))事(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)上收(shou)(shou)的試(shi)點(dian)工作(zuo)(zuo)，均(jun)由中國(guo)(guo)環(huan)境監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)總站(zhan)直接(jie)管理。另外，近期(qi)中共中央辦公廳、國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)辦公廳印(yin)(yin)發了(le)(le)《關于省(sheng)(sheng)以下環(huan)保機(ji)(ji)構監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)監(jian)(jian)(jian)察執(zhi)法垂直管理制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度改(gai)革試(shi)點(dian)工作(zuo)(zuo)的指導(dao)意見》，“十(shi)三五”期(qi)間，我(wo)部(bu)(bu)將(jiang)穩步(bu)推進省(sheng)(sheng)以下監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構垂直管理和(he)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)事(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)上收(shou)(shou)工作(zuo)(zuo)，實現“誰(shui)考核(he)、誰(shui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)”，解決地方(fang)環(huan)保部(bu)(bu)門“既當(dang)運動(dong)員(yuan)又當(dang)裁判員(yuan)”的問(wen)題，理順體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，防止行政(zheng)干預。

　　任務二，健全質(zhi)量(liang)管理體系。一是確定(ding)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)新模式(shi)(shi)。事(shi)權適(shi)度上(shang)收(shou)、省以下環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)保機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)垂管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)后(hou)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)模式(shi)(shi)也(ye)將(jiang)由(you)“十二五(wu)”時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、省、市三(san)(san)級(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)轉變為(wei)(wei)(wei)“十三(san)(san)五(wu)”期(qi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、省兩級(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)新模式(shi)(shi)。二是明(ming)確國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)模式(shi)(shi)。監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)事(shi)權上(shang)收(shou)后(hou)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)總站(zhan)(zhan)直(zhi)接管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)網，原始數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)第一時間直(zhi)傳(chuan)總站(zhan)(zhan)，負責國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)網監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)傳(chuan)輸、審核，地(di)(di)方為(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)網運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)條件(jian)提供(gong)保障，共享(xiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)網監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，不再參與數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產和(he)審核。改革國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)網、地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)網和(he)土壤網的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)模式(shi)(shi)，通過委(wei)托社(she)(she)會(hui)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、聯(lian)合監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、分環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)節委(wei)托不同機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)采(cai)樣測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試等手段，提升監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。城市環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)采(cai)取委(wei)托社(she)(she)會(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)(shi)開展(zhan);地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)采(cai)取委(wei)托社(she)(she)會(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei))或流域(yu)上(shang)下游環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)保系統監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)聯(lian)合監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)(shi)開展(zhan);土壤環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)采(cai)取地(di)(di)方環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)保系統環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)采(cai)樣，由(you)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)總站(zhan)(zhan)委(wei)托有(you)能(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實驗室集中(zhong)制(zhi)樣、貼標和(he)分析的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)(shi)開展(zhan)。三(san)(san)是完善環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)度。現(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)辦(ban)法(fa)或制(zhi)度等已不能(neng)滿足監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)體(ti)制(zhi)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新形勢需要，為(wei)(wei)(wei)此(ci)“十三(san)(san)五(wu)”期(qi)間我部將(jiang)制(zhi)修(xiu)訂一系列環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)系列文件(jian)，出(chu)臺《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)條例(li)》，修(xiu)訂《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)辦(ban)法(fa)》、《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)辦(ban)法(fa)》，完善環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)、地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)和(he)土壤環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)相(xiang)關(guan)規(gui)定(ding)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)“十三(san)(san)五(wu)”環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)提供(gong)政策依據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)。目前，我部正在(zai)制(zhi)訂《國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)自動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)網運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)實施細則(試行(xing))》，將(jiang)明(ming)確國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、地(di)(di)方、社(she)(she)會(hui)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)各責任(ren)(ren)方在(zai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位、職責和(he)罰則，保障環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)有(you)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)可(ke)依。四(si)是加大對社(she)(she)會(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)育力(li)(li)度。社(she)(she)會(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)已逐步(bu)發展(zhan)成環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)領域(yu)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補充力(li)(li)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，“十三(san)(san)五(wu)”期(qi)間，將(jiang)制(zhi)定(ding)社(she)(she)會(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)和(he)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)辦(ban)法(fa)，探索建立(li)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)和(he)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)誠(cheng)信評價(jia)體(ti)系，加大對承擔國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)網監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)任(ren)(ren)務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)技術人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)訓力(li)(li)度，規(gui)范社(she)(she)會(hui)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，提升社(she)(she)會(hui)化監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)和(he)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)服(fu)務水(shui)(shui)平和(he)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，保障監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客觀、準確。

　　任務三，完善技術(shu)體(ti)系。一是健全環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)規(gui)范體(ti)系(xi)。加強環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)規(gui)范體(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)頂層設計(ji)，于(yu)2016年(nian)底前(qian)出臺(tai)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)方(fang)法(fa)標(biao)準(zhun)“十(shi)三(san)五”規(gui)劃，建(jian)立制、修(xiu)訂(ding)項(xiang)目庫，明確“十(shi)三(san)五”方(fang)法(fa)標(biao)準(zhun)制、修(xiu)訂(ding)任務，加快推(tui)進氣、水、土十(shi)條以及排污許可制度等(deng)配套的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)方(fang)法(fa)標(biao)準(zhun)制修(xiu)訂(ding)工作(zuo)，完(wan)善有證標(biao)準(zhun)樣(yang)品(pin)體(ti)系(xi)。二是構建(jian)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)(kong)制體(ti)系(xi)。由(you)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護部(bu)組織(zhi)遴(lin)選若干家(jia)(jia)儀器設備配置(zhi)齊全、人(ren)員素(su)(su)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高、技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)能(neng)力(li)強的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機構，設置(zhi)區域質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)(kong)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)(kong)制技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)系(xi)不(bu)少于(yu)三(san)級(ji)，由(you)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)(kong)平臺(tai)(一級(ji))、區域質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)(kong)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(二級(ji))、監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室/運維公司(si)(末端)構成，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)空氣、地(di)表(biao)水、土壤等(deng)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)要素(su)(su)各監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)指標(biao)的(de)(de)量(liang)值溯源和(he)(he)傳遞(di)(比對(dui))。爭取2017年(nian)建(jian)成臭氧量(liang)值溯源和(he)(he)傳遞(di)體(ti)系(xi)以及顆粒物比對(dui)體(ti)系(xi)。地(di)方(fang)視工作(zuo)需要可考(kao)慮構建(jian)三(san)級(ji)或四級(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)(kong)機構。三(san)是加強內部(bu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)(kong)制。由(you)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)總站開展一般污染物的(de)(de)量(liang)值溯源與傳遞(di)、顆粒物手工比對(dui)等(deng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理活動以及國(guo)(guo)控(kong)(kong)網的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)能(neng)力(li)考(kao)核和(he)(he)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)例行檢查工作(zuo)，組織(zhi)開展地(di)表(biao)水跨界聯合監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)、比對(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)(he)留(liu)樣(yang)復測(ce)(ce)(ce)等(deng)，建(jian)立土壤環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)隨機比對(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機制，組織(zhi)不(bu)同監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)單(dan)位開展比對(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)。四是加強質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)(kong)新技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)應(ying)用。如完(wan)善自動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據采(cai)集傳輸(shu)平臺(tai)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)儀器和(he)(he)數(shu)采(cai)儀上的(de)(de)重要參(can)數(shu)應(ying)能(neng)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)及時采(cai)集和(he)(he)傳輸(shu)，建(jian)設自動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)遠程質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)(kong)平臺(tai)，站房(fang)加裝視頻(pin)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)統等(deng)，以技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)手段堵塞人(ren)為造假的(de)(de)漏洞，為監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管提供有效支撐。嘗試將GPS定(ding)位系(xi)統和(he)(he)資料實(shi)(shi)時上傳等(deng)手段應(ying)用于(yu)采(cai)樣(yang)現(xian)場和(he)(he)樣(yang)品(pin)運輸(shu)過(guo)程，探索(suo)建(jian)立手工監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)各環(huan)(huan)節全覆蓋質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理體(ti)系(xi)。

　　任務四，創新監(jian)管機(ji)制。一是推(tui)進質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理(li)(li)第(di)三(san)方監(jian)(jian)(jian)督機(ji)制。事權(quan)上收后，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)總站在國(guo)(guo)(guo)控網(wang)運(yun)維中扮演的(de)(de)(de)角色將(jiang)(jiang)發生轉變。為適應(ying)這一轉變，積(ji)極引入第(di)三(san)方機(ji)制，重(zhong)(zhong)新構建國(guo)(guo)(guo)控網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)外控(由環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護部(bu)主導(dao)(dao)、第(di)三(san)方參與)和(he)(he)內控(由監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)總站主導(dao)(dao)、第(di)三(san)方參與)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理(li)(li)機(ji)制。在全國(guo)(guo)(guo)范圍內遴選(xuan)權(quan)威(wei)專家組建國(guo)(guo)(guo)家環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)評估(gu)委員和(he)(he)專家檢查隊伍，不定(ding)期開展(zhan)(zhan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理(li)(li)體系運(yun)行(xing)情況(kuang)評估(gu)工作，為飛行(xing)檢查提供(gong)線索等(deng)。二是完(wan)善(shan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督檢查機(ji)制。中國(guo)(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)總站每年按一定(ding)比(bi)例開展(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家環(huan)(huan)境(jing)空氣、地表(biao)(biao)水、土壤(rang)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)常(chang)規檢查工作，規范監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)行(xing)為，發現問題嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)報環(huan)(huan)保(bao)部(bu)。環(huan)(huan)保(bao)部(bu)組建國(guo)(guo)(guo)家環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督檢查專家庫，以環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)評估(gu)結果或公(gong)眾舉報為線索，不定(ding)期開展(zhan)(zhan)飛行(xing)檢查，著重(zhong)(zhong)打擊(ji)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)弄(nong)虛作假行(xing)為。三(san)是將(jiang)(jiang)信息(xi)發布(bu)作為質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要手(shou)段。按照“能公(gong)開、盡公(gong)開”的(de)(de)(de)原則，加大(da)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)空氣、地表(biao)(biao)水、土壤(rang)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)信息(xi)發布(bu)和(he)(he)公(gong)開力度，保(bao)障人民(min)群眾環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)知情權(quan)，接受公(gong)眾監(jian)(jian)(jian)督。

　　任務五，嚴厲查處監(jian)測質量問題(ti)。建立質控檢(jian)查(cha)與考核聯動機制(zhi)(zhi)。發現(xian)有運維不規范的(de)(de)問題，依(yi)法(fa)依(yi)規嚴(yan)肅處理(li)，進行(xing)通報批評、約談(tan)、誡(jie)勉談(tan)話或停職處理(li)，并(bing)開展事(shi)后回(hui)頭看檢(jian)查(cha);建立環保與公檢(jian)法(fa)的(de)(de)聯動機制(zhi)(zhi)，對(dui)監測(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)造假“零容忍”，發現(xian)一起，查(cha)處一起，依(yi)法(fa)移(yi)交(jiao)有關部(bu)門(men)處理(li)，并(bing)加(jia)大宣(xuan)傳(chuan)力度，提(ti)高對(dui)監測(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)弄(nong)虛作(zuo)假行(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)震懾力。嚴(yan)厲打擊，起到震懾作(zuo)用。積極與有關部(bu)門(men)溝通，支持將環境監測(ce)(ce)弄(nong)虛作(zuo)假行(xing)為(wei)寫(xie)入(ru)正在修(xiu)訂的(de)(de)“兩高”司法(fa)解釋，為(wei)類似案件的(de)(de)處理(li)提(ti)供法(fa)律支撐。

　　問：請問《空氣自動監測工(gong)作方案》的具(ju)體工(gong)作措施都(dou)有哪些?

　　答：面對新(xin)形勢新(xin)要(yao)求和存在(zai)的(de)問(wen)題，《空(kong)氣自(zi)動監(jian)測工作方(fang)案》提出(chu)了六(liu)個方(fang)面十四項具(ju)體工作措施，綜合(he)來(lai)看，應(ying)著重在(zai)以下幾(ji)方(fang)面推進(jin)工作：

　　第一方面(mian)是建立健全環境(jing)空氣自(zi)動監測質量控制(zhi)體系。

　　一是著(zhu)力(li)構建三級質控體系：依托已(yi)具備(bei)一定條件(jian)、質控能力較強(qiang)的省級(ji)環境監(jian)測(ce)機構，分區(qu)域(yu)(yu)、分批次建立(li)若干區(qu)域(yu)(yu)環境監(jian)測(ce)質控實(shi)驗室(shi)，構建由國家質控平臺、區(qu)域(yu)(yu)質控實(shi)驗室(shi)、環境監(jian)測(ce)機構與運維(wei)機構組成的國家環境空氣自(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)三級(ji)質控體系。

　　中(zhong)國(guo)環(huan)境監測(ce)總站負責編制全國(guo)通(tong)用(yong)的環(huan)境空氣自動監測(ce)質量管理技(ji)術文件，制定質控技(ji)術方案和檢查計劃，組(zu)織開展環(huan)境空氣自動監測(ce)站點的顆粒(li)物比(bi)對、氣態污染物量值傳遞(di)工(gong)作。

　　區域質(zhi)控實驗(yan)室向(xiang)上、向(xiang)下開(kai)展量值溯源、傳遞和比(bi)對工作，配合(he)中(zhong)國環境監測(ce)總站開(kai)展例行質(zhi)控檢查。

　　環(huan)境監(jian)測(ce)機(ji)構與(yu)運(yun)(yun)維(wei)機(ji)構建(jian)立、運(yun)(yun)行并持續(xu)改進內(nei)部質量(liang)管(guan)理體(ti)系，開展(zhan)(zhan)自(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)儀器的檢定、校準與(yu)量(liang)值溯源(yuan)和(he)比對工作(zuo)，按照(zhao)規(gui)定的頻次和(he)項目開展(zhan)(zhan)日(ri)常運(yun)(yun)維(wei)和(he)質控活動。

　　實(shi)現監(jian)測(ce)事權上收后質控管理各環節的全方位覆蓋(gai)，形成完整的環境空氣自動監(jian)測(ce)質控體系。

　　二是(shi)建立和完善溯(su)源傳遞和比(bi)對(dui)體系：針對環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)六項(xiang)基(ji)本指標(biao)在溯源(yuan)傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)(di)和(he)比(bi)對分析中存(cun)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同問(wen)(wen)(wen)題，分別(bie)構建(jian)(jian)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)體系(xi)和(he)方(fang)法(fa)，并制(zhi)定(ding)具體實(shi)施(shi)措施(shi)。對顆粒物(wu)：采取(qu)“四(si)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一”的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式，由(you)(you)中國(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)總(zong)站(zhan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一購置采樣(yang)膜，統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一編碼稱重分送各(ge)運維(wei)(wei)(wei)機構，統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一組織(zhi)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)手工(gong)比(bi)對，統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一核(he)(he)算系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)誤差(cha)，依據各(ge)地(di)不同環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)條件下測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試出的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據結(jie)果，制(zhi)定(ding)客觀合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)顆粒物(wu)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據質(zhi)量(liang)考(kao)核(he)(he)目標(biao)，以有效地(di)解決(jue)由(you)(you)于我國(guo)(guo)地(di)域范(fan)圍廣(guang)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)差(cha)異大，顆粒物(wu)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據面臨(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)比(bi)性(xing)(xing)和(he)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)確(que)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題。對臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)：由(you)(you)于其(qi)具有強(qiang)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化性(xing)(xing)，無法(fa)制(zhi)備穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體，臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)分析儀只(zhi)能通過(guo)(guo)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)參考(kao)光度(du)計(SRP)基(ji)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)進行(xing)溯源(yuan)和(he)傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)(di)這(zhe)(zhe)一特殊(shu)情(qing)況，為(wei)避(bi)免各(ge)地(di)分別(bie)采購昂貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)SRP基(ji)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)造成重復建(jian)(jian)設和(he)資金浪(lang)費，以及溯源(yuan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)繁瑣(suo)耗時等(deng)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題，《空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)作方(fang)案》通過(guo)(guo)建(jian)(jian)立(li)環(huan)(huan)保系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)級(ji)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)，各(ge)區域和(he)運維(wei)(wei)(wei)機構采取(qu)逐級(ji)或跨(kua)級(ji)傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式，建(jian)(jian)立(li)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)值(zhi)溯源(yuan)和(he)傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)(di)體系(xi)，實(shi)現臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)溯源(yuan)性(xing)(xing)。規定(ding)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)級(ji)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)每兩年參加一次國(guo)(guo)際(ji)溯源(yuan)比(bi)對，每年向(xiang)區域質(zhi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)一次臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)值(zhi)傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)(di)。區域質(zhi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)每季度(du)向(xiang)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)網(wang)各(ge)運維(wei)(wei)(wei)機構開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)一次臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)值(zhi)傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)(di)。運維(wei)(wei)(wei)機構每季度(du)向(xiang)國(guo)(guo)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)站(zhan)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)一次臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)值(zhi)傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)(di)。通過(guo)(guo)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)溯源(yuan)和(he)量(liang)值(zhi)傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)(di)，達到對臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)數(shu)據的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。對SO2等(deng)常規氣(qi)(qi)(qi)態污(wu)染物(wu)：目前市(shi)場上的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)樣(yang)品來源(yuan)復雜，各(ge)種有證(zheng)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)樣(yang)品良莠(you)不齊，個(ge)別(bie)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)樣(yang)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)值(zhi)偏差(cha)較高(gao)。《空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)作方(fang)案》要求由(you)(you)中國(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)總(zong)站(zhan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一采購SO2 NO2、CO等(deng)有資質(zhi)廠家(jia)(jia)生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)品質(zhi)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體，分送至區域質(zhi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)和(he)各(ge)運維(wei)(wei)(wei)機構，用于日常校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和(he)質(zhi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)考(kao)核(he)(he)。另外，為(wei)保證(zheng)流量(liang)計、溫度(du)計和(he)壓力(li)計等(deng)強(qiang)檢(jian)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)值(zhi)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)確(que)，應定(ding)期(qi)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)計量(liang)檢(jian)定(ding)。

　　三是(shi)強(qiang)化各類監測(ce)儀器(qi)設備準(zhun)入(ru)門檻：為滿(man)足環境空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣自(zi)(zi)動監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數據質量的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求，《空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣自(zi)(zi)動監(jian)(jian)測(ce)工作(zuo)方案(an)》規(gui)定國(guo)控環境空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣自(zi)(zi)動站選用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)設備必(bi)須選擇經專門機(ji)構適(shi)用(yong)(yong)性檢(jian)測(ce)合格的(de)(de)(de)產品，不合格的(de)(de)(de)一律(lv)不能(neng)(neng)進入環境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)領域。但由于受能(neng)(neng)力條件、經費和人員等因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制(zhi)，目前空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣自(zi)(zi)動監(jian)(jian)測(ce)儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)性檢(jian)測(ce)僅側(ce)重于在使用(yong)(yong)前進行(xing)各種(zhong)性能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)，尚未對在使用(yong)(yong)中的(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)設備性能(neng)(neng)進行(xing)跟蹤檢(jian)測(ce)和監(jian)(jian)管，《空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣自(zi)(zi)動監(jian)(jian)測(ce)工作(zuo)方案(an)》要(yao)(yao)求加(jia)強監(jian)(jian)測(ce)儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)設備全過程監(jian)(jian)管，對在用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)設備有計(ji)劃地開展抽檢(jian)和監(jian)(jian)督檢(jian)查，并建立監(jian)(jian)測(ce)儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)設備退出機(ji)制(zhi)。同(tong)時，要(yao)(yao)進一步(bu)加(jia)強顆(ke)粒(li)物監(jian)(jian)測(ce)儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數性能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力建設，開展對顆(ke)粒(li)物監(jian)(jian)測(ce)儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)重要(yao)(yao)參(can)數的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)評估工作(zuo)。

　　四是建立(li)完備的遠程(cheng)質控系(xi)統：隨(sui)著環(huan)境管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)需要和(he)公眾對(dui)環(huan)境空氣監(jian)測(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)知情(qing)權意識(shi)的(de)日益提升(sheng)，原有(you)的(de)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)模式無法適應目前精(jing)細化管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)需求(qiu)，必須進一(yi)步采(cai)取各種技(ji)術手段強化監(jian)管(guan)(guan)力度，《空氣自動監(jian)測(ce)工作方案》提出借助高科技(ji)建立全國聯網的(de)遠(yuan)程質控系統，實現關鍵參數(shu)(shu)直傳、變化留(liu)痕(hen)、異常報警、實時(shi)監(jian)督等功能(neng)，確保(bao)監(jian)測(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)的(de)客觀、真(zhen)實。

　　第二(er)方面(mian)是健全環境空氣自動監測方法標準和規章制度。

　　一是(shi)進一步完善標準規范(fan)：針對環(huan)境空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)方法規(gui)范不健全的(de)問題，《空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)工作方案》明確(que)要(yao)加(jia)快推動《環(huan)境空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)態污(wu)染物(wu)(SO2、NO2、O3、CO)連續自(zi)(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)系(xi)統運行與(yu)質(zhi)控(kong)(kong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》和(he)(he)《環(huan)境空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)顆(ke)粒(li)物(wu)(PM10 和(he)(he) PM2.5)連續自(zi)(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)系(xi)統運行和(he)(he)質(zhi)控(kong)(kong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》等7項(xiang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范制(zhi)、修訂(ding)進程，以指導環(huan)境空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)(ce)的(de)運維和(he)(he)質(zhi)量控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)工作。為配合臭氧溯源(yuan)傳遞和(he)(he)顆(ke)粒(li)比對體系(xi)建設，相(xiang)關配套的(de)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)方法規(gui)范也在加(jia)緊(jin)研究制(zhi)、修訂(ding)。

　　二是不斷建立(li)健全規章制(zhi)度(du)：為(wei)確(que)保監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)事權(quan)上(shang)收后(hou)環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)動站(zhan)(zhan)運(yun)行(xing)和(he)管(guan)理(li)有(you)據(ju)(ju)可(ke)依、有(you)章可(ke)循，我部將印發《國家(jia)(jia)環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)網運(yun)行(xing)管(guan)理(li)實施(shi)細則(ze)》，明確(que)環(huan)保部、中(zhong)國環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)總站(zhan)(zhan)、省級環(huan)保機(ji)構(gou)(gou)、運(yun)維機(ji)構(gou)(gou)等(deng)國家(jia)(jia)環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)網運(yun)行(xing)管(guan)理(li)各方職責，進一步明確(que)運(yun)行(xing)維護(hu)、數據(ju)(ju)采集與傳輸、儀器質(zhi)控與數據(ju)(ju)審(shen)核等(deng)各項工作要求，以及對違規運(yun)維行(xing)為(wei)的處(chu)罰(fa)措施(shi)。實施(shi)細則(ze)出臺后(hou)，將從制度(du)上(shang)規范和(he)約(yue)束國家(jia)(jia)環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)網的運(yun)行(xing)和(he)管(guan)理(li)。

　　第三方(fang)面是加大監(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量管理監(jian)督和違規行為的懲處(chu)力度(du)。

　　在新的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)管理模式下，要持續做好環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣自動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)質量管理工作，保證監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)客觀真實，必須強化(hua)空(kong)(kong)氣自動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)各環(huan)節(jie)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管并加(jia)大對(dui)違(wei)規(gui)行(xing)為的(de)(de)(de)懲處力度，在《空(kong)(kong)氣自動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)工作方案》中都有明確規(gui)定和(he)要求。中國環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)總站建(jian)立日常(chang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督檢(jian)查機制，每年完成20%地級以上城市的(de)(de)(de)國家網站點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)現場檢(jian)查。環(huan)保部側重于建(jian)章立制，出(chu)臺社會運維機構監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管辦法，開展(zhan)環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣自動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)社會運維誠信體系(xi)建(jian)設，建(jian)立“黑名單”制度和(he)市場退出(chu)機制，加(jia)強事中事后監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管，對(dui)發現監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)行(xing)為不(bu)規(gui)范的(de)(de)(de)，通(tong)報批評，對(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)造假行(xing)為，絕不(bu)姑息，依法追(zhui)責。

　　總之，《空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自動監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)工作方案》的出臺，將進一步(bu)推動國(guo)家環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自動監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量管理工作的深(shen)入開展，有效保障監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數據的客觀、真實、準(zhun)確。隨著水環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)和土壤環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)事權(quan)上收，我(wo)部將不斷完善環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量管理體系，促進我(wo)國(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)事業的健康發展。