4月16日國(guo)務(wu)院發(fa)布了《水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防(fang)治(zhi)行動計劃》，農(nong)村(cun)水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防(fang)治(zhi)是其中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內容(rong)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)社會科學院農(nong)村(cun)發(fa)展(zhan)研(yan)究所研(yan)究員李國(guo)祥指(zhi)出，農(nong)村(cun)水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)不僅直接(jie)危害農(nong)民生產生活，而且還影響農(nong)業的(de)可持(chi)續發(fa)展(zhan)，進而加劇國(guo)家糧(liang)食(shi)安全(quan)風(feng)險(xian)隱患和食(shi)品安全(quan)風(feng)險(xian)隱患，關(guan)系(xi)到我(wo)們每(mei)個人。“防(fang)治(zhi)農(nong)村(cun)水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)，既是建設美麗鄉(xiang)村(cun)的(de)迫切(qie)需要(yao)，更是提升城(cheng)鄉(xiang)居(ju)民生活質量的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)保障。”

　　李國祥指出，農村(cun)水污染(ran)源頭呈現出多樣(yang)化態勢。“我國農村(cun)曾經普(pu)遍是(shi)水美(mei)魚(yu)(yu)肥的(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)，無論是(shi)河里，還是(shi)池塘里，都(dou)能捕到魚(yu)(yu)，甚(shen)至一些地(di)(di)方(fang)農村(cun)池塘的(de)(de)水或(huo)者(zhe)井水，飲用后還讓人有甘甜的(de)(de)回(hui)味。如(ru)今我們(men)到農村(cun)去(qu)調(diao)查(cha)，再見到水美(mei)魚(yu)(yu)肥的(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)已(yi)經很(hen)難(nan)了，一些地(di)(di)方(fang)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)表(biao)水又(you)黑(hei)又(you)臭，魚(yu)(yu)兒不見了蹤影，根本不能供人直接飲用，農村(cun)水體已(yi)經污染(ran)很(hen)嚴重了。”

　　農(nong)(nong)村(cun)水污染(ran)(ran)為什么會如(ru)此(ci)嚴重?李國祥認為，農(nong)(nong)業(ye)面源污染(ran)(ran)是農(nong)(nong)村(cun)水污染(ran)(ran)的“罪魁禍首”。所謂農(nong)(nong)業(ye)面源污染(ran)(ran)，就(jiu)是濫用農(nong)(nong)業(ye)化(hua)學(xue)投入物(wu)和(he)不當處置農(nong)(nong)業(ye)副產品(pin)等所造成的對農(nong)(nong)村(cun)資源和(he)環(huan)境污染(ran)(ran)，包(bao)括對土(tu)壤、水體和(he)空氣等的污染(ran)(ran)。但(dan)就(jiu)水體來說，現代(dai)農(nong)(nong)牧業(ye)生產中濫用化(hua)肥、農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)和(he)獸藥(yao)，隨意處置農(nong)(nong)作物(wu)秸稈和(he)畜禽(qin)排(pai)泄物(wu)，都(dou)可能是污染(ran)(ran)源。

　　“我們(men)經常說中國(guo)用(yong)(yong)不足(zu)世界10%的(de)耕地(di)(di)養(yang)活了超(chao)過世界20%的(de)人(ren)口(kou)。這話不錯，我國(guo)農(nong)業(ye)發(fa)展確實讓(rang)我們(men)徹(che)底告別(bie)了農(nong)產品(pin)短缺(que)時代，我們(men)不再為缺(que)衣少(shao)食(shi)而犯(fan)愁。但(dan)我們(men)也(ye)必須清醒(xing)認(ren)識到我國(guo)農(nong)業(ye)施用(yong)(yong)的(de)化肥量超(chao)過世界30%。”李國(guo)祥說，農(nong)業(ye)上施用(yong)(yong)的(de)大量化肥，一(yi)部分讓(rang)植物吸(xi)收后(hou)變成了莊稼的(de)營養(yang)，但(dan)還有(you)(you)一(yi)部分沒有(you)(you)被吸(xi)收，通(tong)過雨水沖(chong)刷或(huo)者其他(ta)流(liu)水等(deng)(deng)途(tu)徑滲(shen)透到地(di)(di)下或(huo)者融入到地(di)(di)表水中，將(jiang)水體污(wu)染。我國(guo)農(nong)藥、獸藥和魚(yu)藥等(deng)(deng)用(yong)(yong)量也(ye)相當(dang)多，雖然防(fang)治了病蟲(chong)害和動物疫病，但(dan)也(ye)與化肥有(you)(you)相似的(de)污(wu)染水體隱(yin)患(huan)。

　　李(li)國(guo)祥指(zhi)出，我國(guo)已(yi)經成(cheng)(cheng)為世界上(shang)多數農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品生產的第(di)一大國(guo)，不僅農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業化(hua)學(xue)投入物(wu)種(zhong)類多數量大，而(er)(er)且(qie)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)秸(jie)稈(gan)和動(dong)(dong)物(wu)糞便規模也(ye)(ye)(ye)很龐大，不好處理。過(guo)去(qu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)通(tong)常會(hui)將秸(jie)稈(gan)作(zuo)為生活燃料，而(er)(er)如(ru)今農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)也(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)上(shang)電力(li)和液化(hua)氣等清潔能(neng)源(yuan)。每當到農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)收獲(huo)季(ji)節，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)如(ru)果無法(fa)將秸(jie)稈(gan)資源(yuan)化(hua)利(li)用(yong)時就會(hui)一燒了(le)之，或者隨(sui)意(yi)直(zhi)接丟棄到附近(jin)的水(shui)(shui)體(ti)中(zhong)，或者堆放(fang)在路(lu)旁最終腐爛經流水(shui)(shui)進(jin)入水(shui)(shui)體(ti)中(zhong)。過(guo)去(qu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)畜(chu)禽，會(hui)將它(ta)們的糞便作(zuo)為農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)肥(fei)加以利(li)用(yong)，而(er)(er)如(ru)今農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)規模很大，是專業化(hua)養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)，可能(neng)不再(zai)需要農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)肥(fei)，就直(zhi)接將畜(chu)禽糞便排入水(shui)(shui)體(ti)中(zhong)，或者隨(sui)意(yi)堆放(fang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)可能(neng)經流水(shui)(shui)進(jin)入水(shui)(shui)體(ti)中(zhong)。秸(jie)稈(gan)和糞便都(dou)可能(neng)成(cheng)(cheng)為農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)水(shui)(shui)體(ti)污染源(yuan)，是造成(cheng)(cheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)地表水(shui)(shui)又(you)黑又(you)臭的主要根源(yuan)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)水(shui)(shui)污染的來源(yuan)還可能(neng)是農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)將病死的動(dong)(dong)物(wu)隨(sui)意(yi)扔進(jin)水(shui)(shui)體(ti)中(zhong)形成(cheng)(cheng)的腐爛。

　　“當然，農(nong)村工業(ye)化和農(nong)民生(sheng)活(huo)也是不可(ke)忽視(shi)的(de)農(nong)村水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)來源。”李國祥說，農(nong)村水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)，惡化了農(nong)村環(huan)境，破壞了農(nong)村生(sheng)態，直接危害(hai)農(nong)民生(sheng)活(huo)用水(shui)(shui)安(an)全(quan)和農(nong)業(ye)用水(shui)(shui)安(an)全(quan)。防(fang)治農(nong)村水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)刻不容(rong)緩。