農業部日前發布了《耕地質量調查監測與評價辦法》，提出加強耕地質量保護與提升的政策措施，全面推進耕地質量調查、監測與評價制度建設。今后，農業部和省級農業部門每5年發布一次全國和省級行政區域耕地質量等級信息，定期發布年度耕地質量(liang)監測報告。

　　耕地質量呈(cheng)現(xian)“三大”“三低”態勢

　　農業部種植(zhi)業司司長曾衍德介紹，我國耕地(di)長期(qi)高強(qiang)度、超負荷使用，退化、污染(ran)、基礎地(di)力下降等問(wen)題突出(chu)，已(yi)成為制(zhi)約農業可持(chi)續發(fa)展和糧(liang)食綜合生產能力提升(sheng)的關鍵(jian)因素。加(jia)強(qiang)耕地(di)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保護，首先要通(tong)過建立耕地(di)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)調查(cha)監測(ce)體系(xi)、開展耕地(di)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)評價，摸清我國耕地(di)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)底數(shu)。

　　目前已掌握的耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質量(liang)情況大(da)體如何(he)?曾衍德(de)說，總體上看，當前我國耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質量(liang)呈現(xian)出“三(san)大(da)”“三(san)低”態(tai)勢(shi)。“三(san)大(da)”指(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)低產田(tian)比(bi)例大(da)，中(zhong)低產田(tian)面積占(zhan)比(bi)達70%以上;耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質量(liang)退化面積大(da)，全國耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)退化面積占(zhan)比(bi)在40%以上;污(wu)染耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面積大(da)，全國耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)土壤(rang)污(wu)染點(dian)位超標率達到19.4%。“三(san)低”指(zhi)(zhi)的是有機質含量(liang)低，補充(chong)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)等級低和(he)基礎地(di)(di)(di)(di)力低。

　　據(ju)介紹(shao)，上世紀中后(hou)期以(yi)來，農業部先后(hou)組織開展(zhan)了兩次全(quan)國性的土(tu)壤普查，較為系(xi)統(tong)地掌握(wo)了我(wo)國土(tu)壤資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)的特點，積累(lei)了大量數據(ju)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)成(cheng)果。各級農業部門建立了1萬多個耕(geng)(geng)地質量監(jian)(jian)測點，制定了耕(geng)(geng)地質量調(diao)查、監(jian)(jian)測與評(ping)價(jia)相關(guan)技術(shu)(shu)規(gui)程及土(tu)壤檢測系(xi)列相關(guan)標(biao)準，形成(cheng)了較為完備(bei)的技術(shu)(shu)標(biao)準體系(xi)。此外(wai)，近年(nian)來，通(tong)過實施(shi)測土(tu)配方(fang)施(shi)肥、耕(geng)(geng)地質量保護(hu)與提升(sheng)、東北黑土(tu)保護(hu)利用(yong)、湖南重金屬污染耕(geng)(geng)地治理修復等項(xiang)目，也(ye)掌握(wo)了一些相關(guan)數據(ju)。

　　將加(jia)快建(jian)設耕地質量監測網(wang)絡

　　全國農(nong)技(ji)推廣中心土肥(fei)監(jian)測(ce)處處長李榮介紹(shao)，這次發(fa)布(bu)的(de)《耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)查(cha)監(jian)測(ce)與評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)辦(ban)法》提出了建立(li)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)查(cha)、監(jian)測(ce)、評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)與信息發(fa)布(bu)等(deng)(deng)制(zhi)度(du)。耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)查(cha)制(zhi)度(du)包(bao)括耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)普查(cha)、專項調(diao)(diao)(diao)查(cha)與應急(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)查(cha)等(deng)(deng)3類(lei)調(diao)(diao)(diao)查(cha)。耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)測(ce)以(yi)農(nong)業部和(he)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)測(ce)機構為主體(ti)，以(yi)科(ke)研教學單位的(de)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)測(ce)站為補充，對耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)土壤理化(hua)性狀、養(yang)分(fen)狀況(kuang)等(deng)(deng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)變化(hua)情況(kuang)開展動(dong)態監(jian)測(ce)。耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)制(zhi)度(du)則包(bao)括耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)等(deng)(deng)級評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)、耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)測(ce)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)、特(te)(te)定(ding)區域耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)、耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)特(te)(te)定(ding)指標評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)、新(xin)增耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)和(he)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)應急(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)查(cha)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)等(deng)(deng)6類(lei)。

　　據介紹，農業(ye)部(bu)門已全面啟(qi)動(dong)全國重點農區(qu)的(de)區(qu)域耕(geng)地質(zhi)量匯總評價(jia)(jia)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，目前已完成華北(bei)(bei)小麥、玉米輪作(zuo)(zuo)區(qu)2億畝(mu)、東(dong)北(bei)(bei)黑土(tu)區(qu)4.5億畝(mu)、長江(jiang)中游水(shui)稻主產區(qu)1.5億畝(mu)的(de)耕(geng)地質(zhi)量匯總評價(jia)(jia)和水(shui)稻、油菜、大豆、玉米作(zuo)(zuo)物產區(qu)耕(geng)地質(zhi)量專(zhuan)(zhuan)題(ti)調查(cha)評價(jia)(jia)，正在(zai)深化西北(bei)(bei)區(qu)2.3億畝(mu)耕(geng)地質(zhi)量評價(jia)(jia)和馬鈴薯、棉花產區(qu)耕(geng)地質(zhi)量專(zhuan)(zhuan)題(ti)調查(cha)評價(jia)(jia)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，今年還正式(shi)啟(qi)動(dong)了長三角耕(geng)地質(zhi)量區(qu)域匯總評價(jia)(jia)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。

　　業內公認，耕地質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)測網絡是開展耕地質(zhi)量(liang)調(diao)查監(jian)測與評價的基礎。下(xia)一步，農(nong)(nong)業部將優先在耕地輪作(zuo)休耕制(zhi)度試(shi)點(dian)、東北黑土地保(bao)(bao)護利用試(shi)點(dian)、華北地下(xia)水超(chao)采綜(zong)合治理、湖南(nan)重金屬污染耕地治理修復(fu)等(deng)項目(mu)區布設(she)一定數(shu)量(liang)的耕地質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)測點(dian)。同時，積極爭取投資，力爭在“十三(san)五”時期，以糧食主產區、糧食生(sheng)產功能區和重要農(nong)(nong)產品生(sheng)產保(bao)(bao)護區為重點(dian)，構建(jian)覆蓋全國主要土壤類(lei)型的耕地質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)測網絡。